Scientific publications per million by country
Countries reporting
196
Highest
2,624
Denmark
Lowest
1.37
Angola
Median
131.42
Years covered
28
1996–2023
Data points
5,488
What the numbers show
Scientific publications per million is currently reported for 196 countries. The highest value is 2,624 in Denmark; the lowest is 1.37 in Angola.
The median across all reporting countries is 131.42, and the mean is 420.79.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 1,918.
Over the past decade 169 countries rose and 27 fell. The largest increase was in North Korea (up 3,037.1%), and the largest decrease in Dominica (down 67.9%).
Scientific publications per million: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Denmark | 2,624 | 2023 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 2 | Switzerland | 2,565 | 2023 | down 2.7% | rising |
| 3 | Norway | 2,492 | 2023 | up 22.6% | rising |
| 4 | Australia | 2,048 | 2023 | down 6.0% | rising |
| 5 | Sweden | 2,016 | 2023 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 6 | Finland | 2,010 | 2023 | up 2.0% | rising |
| 7 | Singapore | 2,010 | 2023 | down 1.5% | rising |
| 8 | Iceland | 1,856 | 2023 | up 3.1% | rising |
| 9 | Netherlands | 1,802 | 2023 | down 3.4% | rising |
| 10 | Luxembourg | 1,764 | 2023 | up 26.3% | volatile |
| 11 | Portugal | 1,723 | 2023 | up 32.5% | volatile |
| 12 | Slovenia | 1,682 | 2023 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 13 | Ireland | 1,642 | 2023 | up 8.4% | rising |
| 14 | Canada | 1,591 | 2023 | down 6.0% | rising |
| 15 | New Zealand | 1,557 | 2023 | down 10.7% | rising |
| 16 | Austria | 1,516 | 2023 | up 5.4% | rising |
| 17 | Belgium | 1,428 | 2023 | down 2.8% | rising |
| 18 | Croatia | 1,426 | 2023 | up 46.8% | rising |
| 19 | United Kingdom | 1,423 | 2023 | down 7.4% | rising |
| 20 | Israel | 1,406 | 2023 | up 0.5% | flat |
| 21 | Italy | 1,403 | 2023 | up 27.8% | rising |
| 22 | South Korea | 1,387 | 2023 | up 23.2% | rising |
| 23 | Cyprus | 1,312 | 2023 | up 62.6% | volatile |
| 24 | Germany | 1,306 | 2023 | up 0.9% | rising |
| 25 | Greece | 1,302 | 2023 | up 23.5% | rising |
| 26 | Liechtenstein | 1,285 | 2023 | up 51.0% | rising |
| 27 | Estonia | 1,280 | 2023 | up 18.1% | rising |
| 28 | United States | 1,279 | 2023 | down 5.2% | rising |
| 29 | Spain | 1,247 | 2023 | up 9.2% | rising |
| 30 | Czechia | 1,234 | 2023 | down 3.3% | rising |
| 31 | Brunei | 1,093 | 2023 | up 392.8% | volatile |
| 32 | Slovakia | 982.58 | 2023 | up 25.2% | rising |
| 33 | Monaco | 955.69 | 2023 | down 10.2% | rising |
| 34 | Lithuania | 930.88 | 2023 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 35 | Qatar | 930.44 | 2023 | up 123.6% | volatile |
| 36 | Latvia | 921.62 | 2023 | up 57.5% | volatile |
| 37 | France | 909.44 | 2023 | down 16.0% | rising |
| 38 | Malta | 900.54 | 2023 | up 32.3% | volatile |
| 39 | Hungary | 861.17 | 2023 | up 38.2% | rising |
| 40 | Poland | 850.93 | 2023 | up 11.8% | rising |
| 41 | Serbia | 781.06 | 2023 | up 9.3% | volatile |
| 42 | Bulgaria | 775.36 | 2023 | up 110.3% | rising |
| 43 | Japan | 775.35 | 2023 | down 7.6% | rising |
| 44 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 759.23 | 2023 | up 175.5% | volatile |
| 45 | Saudi Arabia | 729.76 | 2023 | up 190.1% | volatile |
| 46 | Greenland | 675.63 | 2023 | up 20.9% | rising |
| 47 | United Arab Emirates | 674.87 | 2023 | up 199.1% | volatile |
| 48 | Malaysia | 674.45 | 2023 | up 43.3% | volatile |
| 49 | China | 661.16 | 2023 | up 156.4% | volatile |
| 50 | Iran | 607.95 | 2023 | up 57.6% | volatile |
| 51 | Russia | 594.87 | 2023 | up 124.1% | rising |
| 52 | San Marino | 593.33 | 2023 | up 178.9% | volatile |
| 53 | Turkey | 588.1 | 2023 | up 53.8% | rising |
| 54 | Romania | 562.03 | 2023 | up 16.8% | volatile |
| 55 | Jordan | 473.74 | 2023 | up 181.3% | volatile |
| 56 | Bahrain | 455.47 | 2023 | up 146.1% | rising |
| 57 | Tunisia | 450.22 | 2023 | up 20.1% | volatile |
| 58 | Chile | 436.11 | 2023 | up 57.6% | rising |
| 59 | Ukraine | 410.74 | 2023 | up 164.6% | volatile |
| 60 | Montenegro | 408.43 | 2023 | up 35.9% | volatile |
| 61 | Iraq | 371.04 | 2023 | up 1,572.1% | volatile |
| 62 | Grenada | 362.91 | 2023 | up 21.1% | volatile |
| 63 | Lebanon | 360.15 | 2023 | up 91.1% | volatile |
| 64 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 339.91 | 2023 | up 154.1% | volatile |
| 65 | Oman | 324.86 | 2023 | up 91.2% | rising |
| 66 | Uruguay | 312.81 | 2023 | up 81.8% | volatile |
| 67 | Kuwait | 287.43 | 2023 | up 17.7% | falling |
| 68 | Palau | 284.31 | 2023 | up 27.0% | volatile |
| 69 | Brazil | 276.08 | 2023 | up 19.1% | rising |
| 70 | North Macedonia | 272.99 | 2023 | up 15.3% | volatile |
| 71 | Armenia | 270.38 | 2023 | up 58.3% | rising |
| 72 | Morocco | 257.87 | 2023 | up 332.9% | volatile |
| 73 | South Africa | 236.49 | 2023 | up 35.4% | rising |
| 74 | Fiji | 235.75 | 2023 | up 158.3% | volatile |
| 75 | Thailand | 232.29 | 2023 | up 120.8% | volatile |
| 76 | Barbados | 201.14 | 2023 | up 36.3% | rising |
| 77 | Egypt | 199.54 | 2023 | up 127.2% | volatile |
| 78 | Ecuador | 196.32 | 2023 | up 1,132.3% | volatile |
| 79 | Puerto Rico | 188.72 | 2023 | up 19.1% | rising |
| 80 | Argentina | 188.62 | 2023 | up 4.3% | rising |
| 81 | Kazakhstan | 187.83 | 2023 | up 449.4% | volatile |
| 82 | Trinidad and Tobago | 179.57 | 2023 | up 50.7% | rising |
| 83 | Colombia | 175.53 | 2023 | up 87.3% | volatile |
| 84 | Georgia | 174.83 | 2023 | up 41.6% | rising |
| 85 | Palestine | 166.8 | 2023 | up 202.4% | volatile |
| 86 | Algeria | 166.29 | 2023 | up 92.5% | volatile |
| 87 | Mauritius | 164.43 | 2023 | up 73.5% | volatile |
| 88 | India | 158.67 | 2023 | up 156.4% | volatile |
| 89 | Belarus | 155.74 | 2023 | up 34.8% | rising |
| 90 | Peru | 154.87 | 2023 | up 606.9% | volatile |
| 91 | Botswana | 154.76 | 2023 | up 100.8% | rising |
| 92 | Azerbaijan | 152.08 | 2023 | up 205.5% | volatile |
| 93 | Mexico | 146.31 | 2023 | up 36.6% | rising |
| 94 | Antigua and Barbuda | 143.92 | 2023 | up 366.0% | volatile |
| 95 | Indonesia | 138.67 | 2023 | up 1,237.7% | volatile |
| 96 | Andorra | 137.16 | 2023 | up 95.7% | volatile |
| 97 | Moldova | 136.33 | 2023 | up 91.9% | rising |
| 98 | Albania | 132.47 | 2023 | up 153.7% | volatile |
| 99 | Bhutan | 130.37 | 2023 | up 235.3% | volatile |
| 100 | Uzbekistan | 129.71 | 2023 | up 1,017.9% | volatile |
| 101 | Costa Rica | 129.43 | 2023 | up 128.3% | rising |
| 102 | Seychelles | 126.66 | 2023 | down 26.6% | volatile |
| 103 | Cuba | 110.4 | 2023 | down 14.8% | rising |
| 104 | Vietnam | 106.07 | 2023 | up 415.6% | volatile |
| 105 | Sri Lanka | 105.36 | 2023 | up 200.0% | volatile |
| 106 | Samoa | 100.85 | 2023 | up 352.4% | volatile |
| 107 | Ghana | 96.78 | 2023 | up 367.1% | volatile |
| 108 | Pakistan | 82.9 | 2023 | up 154.7% | volatile |
| 109 | Mongolia | 79.53 | 2023 | up 41.3% | volatile |
| 110 | Namibia | 78.07 | 2023 | up 113.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Panama | 63.25 | 2023 | up 61.1% | rising |
| 112 | Libya | 60.65 | 2023 | up 95.1% | volatile |
| 113 | Maldives | 60.34 | 2023 | up 242.9% | volatile |
| 114 | Guyana | 60.03 | 2023 | up 253.4% | volatile |
| 115 | Jamaica | 56.84 | 2023 | down 20.0% | rising |
| 116 | Dominica | 55.63 | 2023 | down 67.9% | volatile |
| 117 | Cameroon | 54.52 | 2023 | up 153.5% | volatile |
| 118 | Nepal | 53.57 | 2023 | up 260.8% | volatile |
| 119 | Ethiopia | 52.28 | 2023 | up 586.2% | volatile |
| 120 | Bangladesh | 48.17 | 2023 | up 332.6% | volatile |
| 121 | Tonga | 46.37 | 2023 | up 204.6% | volatile |
| 122 | Kyrgyzstan | 46.05 | 2023 | up 379.0% | volatile |
| 123 | Belize | 43.83 | 2023 | up 106.5% | volatile |
| 124 | Nigeria | 43 | 2023 | up 156.6% | volatile |
| 125 | Tuvalu | 42.79 | 2023 | up 42.6% | volatile |
| 126 | Suriname | 41.88 | 2023 | up 55.1% | volatile |
| 127 | Philippines | 41.36 | 2023 | up 349.2% | volatile |
| 128 | Kenya | 37.57 | 2023 | up 103.0% | rising |
| 129 | Bahamas | 37.5 | 2023 | down 24.8% | volatile |
| 130 | Vanuatu | 37.05 | 2023 | up 20.1% | rising |
| 131 | Paraguay | 37.02 | 2023 | up 298.5% | volatile |
| 132 | Gabon | 36.45 | 2023 | up 33.3% | rising |
| 133 | Cape Verde | 35.11 | 2023 | up 136.6% | volatile |
| 134 | Micronesia (country) | 33.21 | 2023 | down 26.0% | volatile |
| 135 | Zimbabwe | 31.81 | 2023 | up 115.7% | rising |
| 136 | Rwanda | 31.07 | 2023 | up 479.6% | volatile |
| 137 | Benin | 30.98 | 2023 | up 87.2% | volatile |
| 138 | Gambia | 29.58 | 2023 | up 34.8% | flat |
| 139 | Uganda | 29.26 | 2023 | up 121.7% | volatile |
| 140 | Syria | 27.37 | 2023 | up 145.4% | volatile |
| 141 | Senegal | 27.08 | 2023 | up 36.8% | rising |
| 142 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 26.55 | 2023 | up 30.5% | volatile |
| 143 | Lesotho | 26.04 | 2023 | up 256.5% | volatile |
| 144 | Eswatini | 25.14 | 2023 | up 49.3% | volatile |
| 145 | Marshall Islands | 23.69 | 2023 | down 9.7% | volatile |
| 146 | Burkina Faso | 22.57 | 2023 | up 151.5% | volatile |
| 147 | Tanzania | 21.8 | 2023 | up 169.6% | volatile |
| 148 | Sao Tome and Principe | 20.4 | 2023 | up 2,362.8% | volatile |
| 149 | Solomon Islands | 18.55 | 2023 | up 175.2% | rising |
| 150 | Malawi | 17.89 | 2023 | up 114.0% | rising |
| 151 | Zambia | 17.72 | 2023 | up 129.8% | rising |
| 152 | Venezuela | 16.77 | 2023 | down 56.4% | falling |
| 153 | Togo | 16.53 | 2023 | up 101.5% | rising |
| 154 | Kiribati | 16.15 | 2023 | up 75.1% | volatile |
| 155 | Bolivia | 16.07 | 2023 | up 95.1% | rising |
| 156 | Congo | 15.47 | 2023 | up 53.6% | rising |
| 157 | Tajikistan | 15.24 | 2023 | up 124.8% | rising |
| 158 | Djibouti | 15.16 | 2023 | up 131.5% | volatile |
| 159 | East Timor | 14.95 | 2023 | up 175.5% | volatile |
| 160 | Saint Lucia | 14.17 | 2023 | down 33.6% | volatile |
| 161 | Cote d'Ivoire | 12.57 | 2023 | up 98.0% | rising |
| 162 | Honduras | 12.25 | 2023 | up 456.8% | volatile |
| 163 | Cambodia | 11.52 | 2023 | up 105.2% | volatile |
| 164 | Nauru | 10.95 | 2023 | down 66.1% | volatile |
| 165 | Yemen | 10.26 | 2023 | up 162.3% | volatile |
| 166 | El Salvador | 10.23 | 2023 | up 310.8% | volatile |
| 167 | Sierra Leone | 10.2 | 2023 | up 369.8% | volatile |
| 168 | North Korea | 10.19 | 2023 | up 3,037.1% | volatile |
| 169 | Laos | 9.42 | 2023 | down 12.8% | volatile |
| 170 | Comoros | 9.42 | 2023 | up 518.6% | volatile |
| 171 | Sudan | 9.4 | 2023 | up 13.6% | rising |
| 172 | Mauritania | 9.33 | 2023 | up 137.4% | volatile |
| 173 | Dominican Republic | 9.22 | 2023 | up 142.8% | volatile |
| 174 | Eritrea | 8.38 | 2023 | up 150.8% | volatile |
| 175 | Somalia | 8.27 | 2023 | up 1,587.3% | volatile |
| 176 | Papua New Guinea | 6.71 | 2023 | up 4.7% | falling |
| 177 | Guinea-Bissau | 6.36 | 2023 | down 10.8% | rising |
| 178 | Mozambique | 6.09 | 2023 | up 120.9% | volatile |
| 179 | Guatemala | 6 | 2023 | up 29.5% | rising |
| 180 | Nicaragua | 5.96 | 2023 | up 29.3% | rising |
| 181 | Liberia | 5.74 | 2023 | up 641.8% | volatile |
| 182 | Central African Republic | 5 | 2023 | up 84.3% | rising |
| 183 | Madagascar | 4.92 | 2023 | up 5.2% | rising |
| 184 | Mali | 4.91 | 2023 | up 39.5% | rising |
| 185 | Myanmar | 4.32 | 2023 | up 528.7% | volatile |
| 186 | Turkmenistan | 4.25 | 2023 | up 331.6% | volatile |
| 187 | Afghanistan | 4.07 | 2023 | up 371.6% | volatile |
| 188 | Guinea | 3.81 | 2023 | up 305.8% | volatile |
| 189 | Niger | 3.45 | 2023 | up 105.2% | rising |
| 190 | Haiti | 3.25 | 2023 | up 18.3% | volatile |
| 191 | Chad | 2.71 | 2023 | up 630.4% | volatile |
| 192 | Burundi | 2.65 | 2023 | up 101.7% | volatile |
| 193 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 2.3 | 2023 | up 172.5% | volatile |
| 194 | Equatorial Guinea | 1.86 | 2023 | up 17.1% | volatile |
| 195 | South Sudan | 1.5 | 2023 | up 86.4% | volatile |
| 196 | Angola | 1.37 | 2023 | up 53.7% | rising |