Years colonized in Palau
Palau: Years colonized was 30 in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Latest (2022)
30
Change on year
unchanged
World rank
119th
of 159 countries
All-time high
30
in 1914
All-time low
0
in 1462
Years of data
561
1462–2022
Years colonized in Palau, 1462–2022
Source: Our World in Data.
Analysis
In 2022, years colonized in Palau stood at 30. That is the highest value across all 561 years on record.
The figure is unchanged over ten years.
Over the whole period, years colonized in Palau peaked at 30 in 1914 and was at its lowest, 0, in 1462.
Palau ranks 119th of 159 countries on this measure, in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Years colonized in Palau, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1462 | 0 | — |
| 1463 | 0 | — |
| 1464 | 0 | — |
| 1465 | 0 | — |
| 1466 | 0 | — |
| 1467 | 0 | — |
| 1468 | 0 | — |
| 1469 | 0 | — |
| 1470 | 0 | — |
| 1471 | 0 | — |
| 1472 | 0 | — |
| 1473 | 0 | — |
| 1474 | 0 | — |
| 1475 | 0 | — |
| 1476 | 0 | — |
| 1477 | 0 | — |
| 1478 | 0 | — |
| 1479 | 0 | — |
| 1480 | 0 | — |
| 1481 | 0 | — |
| 1482 | 0 | — |
| 1483 | 0 | — |
| 1484 | 0 | — |
| 1485 | 0 | — |
| 1486 | 0 | — |
| 1487 | 0 | — |
| 1488 | 0 | — |
| 1489 | 0 | — |
| 1490 | 0 | — |
| 1491 | 0 | — |
| 1492 | 0 | — |
| 1493 | 0 | — |
| 1494 | 0 | — |
| 1495 | 0 | — |
| 1496 | 0 | — |
| 1497 | 0 | — |
| 1498 | 0 | — |
| 1499 | 0 | — |
| 1500 | 0 | — |
| 1501 | 0 | — |
| 1502 | 0 | — |
| 1503 | 0 | — |
| 1504 | 0 | — |
| 1505 | 0 | — |
| 1506 | 0 | — |
| 1507 | 0 | — |
| 1508 | 0 | — |
| 1509 | 0 | — |
| 1510 | 0 | — |
| 1511 | 0 | — |
| 1512 | 0 | — |
| 1513 | 0 | — |
| 1514 | 0 | — |
| 1515 | 0 | — |
| 1516 | 0 | — |
| 1517 | 0 | — |
| 1518 | 0 | — |
| 1519 | 0 | — |
| 1520 | 0 | — |
| 1521 | 0 | — |
| 1522 | 0 | — |
| 1523 | 0 | — |
| 1524 | 0 | — |
| 1525 | 0 | — |
| 1526 | 0 | — |
| 1527 | 0 | — |
| 1528 | 0 | — |
| 1529 | 0 | — |
| 1530 | 0 | — |
| 1531 | 0 | — |
| 1532 | 0 | — |
| 1533 | 0 | — |
| 1534 | 0 | — |
| 1535 | 0 | — |
| 1536 | 0 | — |
| 1537 | 0 | — |
| 1538 | 0 | — |
| 1539 | 0 | — |
| 1540 | 0 | — |
| 1541 | 0 | — |
| 1542 | 0 | — |
| 1543 | 0 | — |
| 1544 | 0 | — |
| 1545 | 0 | — |
| 1546 | 0 | — |
| 1547 | 0 | — |
| 1548 | 0 | — |
| 1549 | 0 | — |
| 1550 | 0 | — |
| 1551 | 0 | — |
| 1552 | 0 | — |
| 1553 | 0 | — |
| 1554 | 0 | — |
| 1555 | 0 | — |
| 1556 | 0 | — |
| 1557 | 0 | — |
| 1558 | 0 | — |
| 1559 | 0 | — |
| 1560 | 0 | — |
| 1561 | 0 | — |
| 1562 | 0 | — |
| 1563 | 0 | — |
| 1564 | 0 | — |
| 1565 | 0 | — |
| 1566 | 0 | — |
| 1567 | 0 | — |
| 1568 | 0 | — |
| 1569 | 0 | — |
| 1570 | 0 | — |
| 1571 | 0 | — |
| 1572 | 0 | — |
| 1573 | 0 | — |
| 1574 | 0 | — |
| 1575 | 0 | — |
| 1576 | 0 | — |
| 1577 | 0 | — |
| 1578 | 0 | — |
| 1579 | 0 | — |
| 1580 | 0 | — |
| 1581 | 0 | — |
| 1582 | 0 | — |
| 1583 | 0 | — |
| 1584 | 0 | — |
| 1585 | 0 | — |
| 1586 | 0 | — |
| 1587 | 0 | — |
| 1588 | 0 | — |
| 1589 | 0 | — |
| 1590 | 0 | — |
| 1591 | 0 | — |
| 1592 | 0 | — |
| 1593 | 0 | — |
| 1594 | 0 | — |
| 1595 | 0 | — |
| 1596 | 0 | — |
| 1597 | 0 | — |
| 1598 | 0 | — |
| 1599 | 0 | — |
| 1600 | 0 | — |
| 1601 | 0 | — |
| 1602 | 0 | — |
| 1603 | 0 | — |
| 1604 | 0 | — |
| 1605 | 0 | — |
| 1606 | 0 | — |
| 1607 | 0 | — |
| 1608 | 0 | — |
| 1609 | 0 | — |
| 1610 | 0 | — |
| 1611 | 0 | — |
| 1612 | 0 | — |
| 1613 | 0 | — |
| 1614 | 0 | — |
| 1615 | 0 | — |
| 1616 | 0 | — |
| 1617 | 0 | — |
| 1618 | 0 | — |
| 1619 | 0 | — |
| 1620 | 0 | — |
| 1621 | 0 | — |
| 1622 | 0 | — |
| 1623 | 0 | — |
| 1624 | 0 | — |
| 1625 | 0 | — |
| 1626 | 0 | — |
| 1627 | 0 | — |
| 1628 | 0 | — |
| 1629 | 0 | — |
| 1630 | 0 | — |
| 1631 | 0 | — |
| 1632 | 0 | — |
| 1633 | 0 | — |
| 1634 | 0 | — |
| 1635 | 0 | — |
| 1636 | 0 | — |
| 1637 | 0 | — |
| 1638 | 0 | — |
| 1639 | 0 | — |
| 1640 | 0 | — |
| 1641 | 0 | — |
| 1642 | 0 | — |
| 1643 | 0 | — |
| 1644 | 0 | — |
| 1645 | 0 | — |
| 1646 | 0 | — |
| 1647 | 0 | — |
| 1648 | 0 | — |
| 1649 | 0 | — |
| 1650 | 0 | — |
| 1651 | 0 | — |
| 1652 | 0 | — |
| 1653 | 0 | — |
| 1654 | 0 | — |
| 1655 | 0 | — |
| 1656 | 0 | — |
| 1657 | 0 | — |
| 1658 | 0 | — |
| 1659 | 0 | — |
| 1660 | 0 | — |
| 1661 | 0 | — |
| 1662 | 0 | — |
| 1663 | 0 | — |
| 1664 | 0 | — |
| 1665 | 0 | — |
| 1666 | 0 | — |
| 1667 | 0 | — |
| 1668 | 0 | — |
| 1669 | 0 | — |
| 1670 | 0 | — |
| 1671 | 0 | — |
| 1672 | 0 | — |
| 1673 | 0 | — |
| 1674 | 0 | — |
| 1675 | 0 | — |
| 1676 | 0 | — |
| 1677 | 0 | — |
| 1678 | 0 | — |
| 1679 | 0 | — |
| 1680 | 0 | — |
| 1681 | 0 | — |
| 1682 | 0 | — |
| 1683 | 0 | — |
| 1684 | 0 | — |
| 1685 | 0 | — |
| 1686 | 0 | — |
| 1687 | 0 | — |
| 1688 | 0 | — |
| 1689 | 0 | — |
| 1690 | 0 | — |
| 1691 | 0 | — |
| 1692 | 0 | — |
| 1693 | 0 | — |
| 1694 | 0 | — |
| 1695 | 0 | — |
| 1696 | 0 | — |
| 1697 | 0 | — |
| 1698 | 0 | — |
| 1699 | 0 | — |
| 1700 | 0 | — |
| 1701 | 0 | — |
| 1702 | 0 | — |
| 1703 | 0 | — |
| 1704 | 0 | — |
| 1705 | 0 | — |
| 1706 | 0 | — |
| 1707 | 0 | — |
| 1708 | 0 | — |
| 1709 | 0 | — |
| 1710 | 0 | — |
| 1711 | 0 | — |
| 1712 | 0 | — |
| 1713 | 0 | — |
| 1714 | 0 | — |
| 1715 | 0 | — |
| 1716 | 0 | — |
| 1717 | 0 | — |
| 1718 | 0 | — |
| 1719 | 0 | — |
| 1720 | 0 | — |
| 1721 | 0 | — |
| 1722 | 0 | — |
| 1723 | 0 | — |
| 1724 | 0 | — |
| 1725 | 0 | — |
| 1726 | 0 | — |
| 1727 | 0 | — |
| 1728 | 0 | — |
| 1729 | 0 | — |
| 1730 | 0 | — |
| 1731 | 0 | — |
| 1732 | 0 | — |
| 1733 | 0 | — |
| 1734 | 0 | — |
| 1735 | 0 | — |
| 1736 | 0 | — |
| 1737 | 0 | — |
| 1738 | 0 | — |
| 1739 | 0 | — |
| 1740 | 0 | — |
| 1741 | 0 | — |
| 1742 | 0 | — |
| 1743 | 0 | — |
| 1744 | 0 | — |
| 1745 | 0 | — |
| 1746 | 0 | — |
| 1747 | 0 | — |
| 1748 | 0 | — |
| 1749 | 0 | — |
| 1750 | 0 | — |
| 1751 | 0 | — |
| 1752 | 0 | — |
| 1753 | 0 | — |
| 1754 | 0 | — |
| 1755 | 0 | — |
| 1756 | 0 | — |
| 1757 | 0 | — |
| 1758 | 0 | — |
| 1759 | 0 | — |
| 1760 | 0 | — |
| 1761 | 0 | — |
| 1762 | 0 | — |
| 1763 | 0 | — |
| 1764 | 0 | — |
| 1765 | 0 | — |
| 1766 | 0 | — |
| 1767 | 0 | — |
| 1768 | 0 | — |
| 1769 | 0 | — |
| 1770 | 0 | — |
| 1771 | 0 | — |
| 1772 | 0 | — |
| 1773 | 0 | — |
| 1774 | 0 | — |
| 1775 | 0 | — |
| 1776 | 0 | — |
| 1777 | 0 | — |
| 1778 | 0 | — |
| 1779 | 0 | — |
| 1780 | 0 | — |
| 1781 | 0 | — |
| 1782 | 0 | — |
| 1783 | 0 | — |
| 1784 | 0 | — |
| 1785 | 0 | — |
| 1786 | 0 | — |
| 1787 | 0 | — |
| 1788 | 0 | — |
| 1789 | 0 | — |
| 1790 | 0 | — |
| 1791 | 0 | — |
| 1792 | 0 | — |
| 1793 | 0 | — |
| 1794 | 0 | — |
| 1795 | 0 | — |
| 1796 | 0 | — |
| 1797 | 0 | — |
| 1798 | 0 | — |
| 1799 | 0 | — |
| 1800 | 0 | — |
| 1801 | 0 | — |
| 1802 | 0 | — |
| 1803 | 0 | — |
| 1804 | 0 | — |
| 1805 | 0 | — |
| 1806 | 0 | — |
| 1807 | 0 | — |
| 1808 | 0 | — |
| 1809 | 0 | — |
| 1810 | 0 | — |
| 1811 | 0 | — |
| 1812 | 0 | — |
| 1813 | 0 | — |
| 1814 | 0 | — |
| 1815 | 0 | — |
| 1816 | 0 | — |
| 1817 | 0 | — |
| 1818 | 0 | — |
| 1819 | 0 | — |
| 1820 | 0 | — |
| 1821 | 0 | — |
| 1822 | 0 | — |
| 1823 | 0 | — |
| 1824 | 0 | — |
| 1825 | 0 | — |
| 1826 | 0 | — |
| 1827 | 0 | — |
| 1828 | 0 | — |
| 1829 | 0 | — |
| 1830 | 0 | — |
| 1831 | 0 | — |
| 1832 | 0 | — |
| 1833 | 0 | — |
| 1834 | 0 | — |
| 1835 | 0 | — |
| 1836 | 0 | — |
| 1837 | 0 | — |
| 1838 | 0 | — |
| 1839 | 0 | — |
| 1840 | 0 | — |
| 1841 | 0 | — |
| 1842 | 0 | — |
| 1843 | 0 | — |
| 1844 | 0 | — |
| 1845 | 0 | — |
| 1846 | 0 | — |
| 1847 | 0 | — |
| 1848 | 0 | — |
| 1849 | 0 | — |
| 1850 | 0 | — |
| 1851 | 0 | — |
| 1852 | 0 | — |
| 1853 | 0 | — |
| 1854 | 0 | — |
| 1855 | 0 | — |
| 1856 | 0 | — |
| 1857 | 0 | — |
| 1858 | 0 | — |
| 1859 | 0 | — |
| 1860 | 0 | — |
| 1861 | 0 | — |
| 1862 | 0 | — |
| 1863 | 0 | — |
| 1864 | 0 | — |
| 1865 | 0 | — |
| 1866 | 0 | — |
| 1867 | 0 | — |
| 1868 | 0 | — |
| 1869 | 0 | — |
| 1870 | 0 | — |
| 1871 | 0 | — |
| 1872 | 0 | — |
| 1873 | 0 | — |
| 1874 | 0 | — |
| 1875 | 0 | — |
| 1876 | 0 | — |
| 1877 | 0 | — |
| 1878 | 0 | — |
| 1879 | 0 | — |
| 1880 | 0 | — |
| 1881 | 0 | — |
| 1882 | 0 | — |
| 1883 | 0 | — |
| 1884 | 0 | — |
| 1885 | 1 | — |
| 1886 | 2 | +100.0% |
| 1887 | 3 | +50.0% |
| 1888 | 4 | +33.3% |
| 1889 | 5 | +25.0% |
| 1890 | 6 | +20.0% |
| 1891 | 7 | +16.7% |
| 1892 | 8 | +14.3% |
| 1893 | 9 | +12.5% |
| 1894 | 10 | +11.1% |
| 1895 | 11 | +10.0% |
| 1896 | 12 | +9.1% |
| 1897 | 13 | +8.3% |
| 1898 | 14 | +7.7% |
| 1899 | 15 | +7.1% |
| 1900 | 16 | +6.7% |
| 1901 | 17 | +6.2% |
| 1902 | 18 | +5.9% |
| 1903 | 19 | +5.6% |
| 1904 | 20 | +5.3% |
| 1905 | 21 | +5.0% |
| 1906 | 22 | +4.8% |
| 1907 | 23 | +4.5% |
| 1908 | 24 | +4.3% |
| 1909 | 25 | +4.2% |
| 1910 | 26 | +4.0% |
| 1911 | 27 | +3.8% |
| 1912 | 28 | +3.7% |
| 1913 | 29 | +3.6% |
| 1914 | 30 | +3.4% |
| 1915 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1916 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1917 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1918 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1919 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1920 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1921 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1922 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1923 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1924 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1925 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1926 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1927 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1928 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1929 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1930 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1931 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1932 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1933 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1934 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1935 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1936 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1937 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1938 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1939 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1940 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1941 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1942 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1943 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1944 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1945 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1946 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1947 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1948 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1949 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1950 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1951 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1952 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1953 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1954 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1955 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1956 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1957 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1958 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1959 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1960 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1961 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1962 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1963 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1964 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1965 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1966 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1967 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1968 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1969 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1970 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1971 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1972 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1973 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1974 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1975 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1976 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1977 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1978 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1979 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1980 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1981 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1982 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1983 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1984 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1985 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1986 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1987 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1988 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1989 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1990 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1991 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1992 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1993 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1994 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1995 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1996 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1997 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1998 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 1999 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2000 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2001 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2002 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2003 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2004 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2005 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2006 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2007 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2008 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2009 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2010 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2011 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2012 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2013 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2014 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2015 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2016 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2017 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2018 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2019 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2020 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2021 | 30 | +0.0% |
| 2022 | 30 | +0.0% |
Palau compared with similar countries
- Palau's 30 is below the median for high income countries, which is 81, 37% of the median. (37 countries reporting)
- Palau's 30 is below the median for East Asia & Pacific, which is 76, 39% of the median. (30 countries reporting)
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1460s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 1470s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1480s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1490s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1500s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1510s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1520s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1530s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1540s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1550s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1560s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1570s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1580s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1590s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1600s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1610s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1620s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1630s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1640s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1650s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1660s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1670s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1680s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1690s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1700s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1710s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1720s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1730s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1740s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1750s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1760s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1770s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1780s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1790s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1800s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1810s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1820s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1830s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1840s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1850s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1860s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1870s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1880s | 1.5 | 0 | 5 | 10 |
| 1890s | 10.5 | 6 | 15 | 10 |
| 1900s | 20.5 | 16 | 25 | 10 |
| 1910s | 29 | 26 | 30 | 10 |
| 1920s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 1930s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 1940s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 1950s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 1960s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 1970s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 1980s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 1990s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 2000s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 2010s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 10 |
| 2020s | 30 | 30 | 30 | 3 |
Countries ranked near Palau
More reference data data for Palau
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - IPCC Agriculture 0 (2019)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O (AR5) - IPCC Agriculture 0 (2019)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (CH4) - IPCC Agriculture 0 (2019)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 (AR5) - IPCC Agriculture 0 (2019)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (CO2eq) (AR5) - IPCC Agriculture 0 (2019)
- Competitive elections lexical 1 (2025)
- Universal right to vote in practice 2 (2025)
- Political regime fh 2 (2025)
- Civil liberties rating fh 1 (2025)
- Share of children immunized dtp3 96 (2025)
Frequently asked questions
- What is years colonized in Palau?
- Years colonized in Palau was 30 in 2022, according to Our World in Data.
- What is the highest years colonized recorded in Palau?
- The highest recorded value was 30 in 1914.
- What is the lowest years colonized recorded in Palau?
- The lowest recorded value was 0 in 1462.
- How does Palau rank for years colonized?
- Palau ranks 119th out of 159 countries with data for 2022.
- Is years colonized rising or falling in Palau?
- Over the last ten years it is unchanged. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Palau data come from?
- The figures come from Our World in Data, published as part of Years colonized. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 561 observations, free to reuse under CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data).