Years colonized in Lebanon
Lebanon: Years colonized was 24 in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Latest (2022)
24
Change on year
unchanged
World rank
122nd
of 159 countries
All-time high
24
in 1946
All-time low
0
in 1462
Years of data
561
1462–2022
Years colonized in Lebanon, 1462–2022
Source: Our World in Data.
Analysis
Lebanon recorded 24 for years colonized in 2022. That is the highest value across all 561 years on record.
That represents a change of unchanged over ten years.
Over the whole period, years colonized in Lebanon peaked at 24 in 1946 and was at its lowest, 0, in 1462.
Lebanon ranks 122nd of 159 countries on this measure, in the bottom quarter.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Years colonized in Lebanon, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1462 | 0 | — |
| 1463 | 0 | — |
| 1464 | 0 | — |
| 1465 | 0 | — |
| 1466 | 0 | — |
| 1467 | 0 | — |
| 1468 | 0 | — |
| 1469 | 0 | — |
| 1470 | 0 | — |
| 1471 | 0 | — |
| 1472 | 0 | — |
| 1473 | 0 | — |
| 1474 | 0 | — |
| 1475 | 0 | — |
| 1476 | 0 | — |
| 1477 | 0 | — |
| 1478 | 0 | — |
| 1479 | 0 | — |
| 1480 | 0 | — |
| 1481 | 0 | — |
| 1482 | 0 | — |
| 1483 | 0 | — |
| 1484 | 0 | — |
| 1485 | 0 | — |
| 1486 | 0 | — |
| 1487 | 0 | — |
| 1488 | 0 | — |
| 1489 | 0 | — |
| 1490 | 0 | — |
| 1491 | 0 | — |
| 1492 | 0 | — |
| 1493 | 0 | — |
| 1494 | 0 | — |
| 1495 | 0 | — |
| 1496 | 0 | — |
| 1497 | 0 | — |
| 1498 | 0 | — |
| 1499 | 0 | — |
| 1500 | 0 | — |
| 1501 | 0 | — |
| 1502 | 0 | — |
| 1503 | 0 | — |
| 1504 | 0 | — |
| 1505 | 0 | — |
| 1506 | 0 | — |
| 1507 | 0 | — |
| 1508 | 0 | — |
| 1509 | 0 | — |
| 1510 | 0 | — |
| 1511 | 0 | — |
| 1512 | 0 | — |
| 1513 | 0 | — |
| 1514 | 0 | — |
| 1515 | 0 | — |
| 1516 | 0 | — |
| 1517 | 0 | — |
| 1518 | 0 | — |
| 1519 | 0 | — |
| 1520 | 0 | — |
| 1521 | 0 | — |
| 1522 | 0 | — |
| 1523 | 0 | — |
| 1524 | 0 | — |
| 1525 | 0 | — |
| 1526 | 0 | — |
| 1527 | 0 | — |
| 1528 | 0 | — |
| 1529 | 0 | — |
| 1530 | 0 | — |
| 1531 | 0 | — |
| 1532 | 0 | — |
| 1533 | 0 | — |
| 1534 | 0 | — |
| 1535 | 0 | — |
| 1536 | 0 | — |
| 1537 | 0 | — |
| 1538 | 0 | — |
| 1539 | 0 | — |
| 1540 | 0 | — |
| 1541 | 0 | — |
| 1542 | 0 | — |
| 1543 | 0 | — |
| 1544 | 0 | — |
| 1545 | 0 | — |
| 1546 | 0 | — |
| 1547 | 0 | — |
| 1548 | 0 | — |
| 1549 | 0 | — |
| 1550 | 0 | — |
| 1551 | 0 | — |
| 1552 | 0 | — |
| 1553 | 0 | — |
| 1554 | 0 | — |
| 1555 | 0 | — |
| 1556 | 0 | — |
| 1557 | 0 | — |
| 1558 | 0 | — |
| 1559 | 0 | — |
| 1560 | 0 | — |
| 1561 | 0 | — |
| 1562 | 0 | — |
| 1563 | 0 | — |
| 1564 | 0 | — |
| 1565 | 0 | — |
| 1566 | 0 | — |
| 1567 | 0 | — |
| 1568 | 0 | — |
| 1569 | 0 | — |
| 1570 | 0 | — |
| 1571 | 0 | — |
| 1572 | 0 | — |
| 1573 | 0 | — |
| 1574 | 0 | — |
| 1575 | 0 | — |
| 1576 | 0 | — |
| 1577 | 0 | — |
| 1578 | 0 | — |
| 1579 | 0 | — |
| 1580 | 0 | — |
| 1581 | 0 | — |
| 1582 | 0 | — |
| 1583 | 0 | — |
| 1584 | 0 | — |
| 1585 | 0 | — |
| 1586 | 0 | — |
| 1587 | 0 | — |
| 1588 | 0 | — |
| 1589 | 0 | — |
| 1590 | 0 | — |
| 1591 | 0 | — |
| 1592 | 0 | — |
| 1593 | 0 | — |
| 1594 | 0 | — |
| 1595 | 0 | — |
| 1596 | 0 | — |
| 1597 | 0 | — |
| 1598 | 0 | — |
| 1599 | 0 | — |
| 1600 | 0 | — |
| 1601 | 0 | — |
| 1602 | 0 | — |
| 1603 | 0 | — |
| 1604 | 0 | — |
| 1605 | 0 | — |
| 1606 | 0 | — |
| 1607 | 0 | — |
| 1608 | 0 | — |
| 1609 | 0 | — |
| 1610 | 0 | — |
| 1611 | 0 | — |
| 1612 | 0 | — |
| 1613 | 0 | — |
| 1614 | 0 | — |
| 1615 | 0 | — |
| 1616 | 0 | — |
| 1617 | 0 | — |
| 1618 | 0 | — |
| 1619 | 0 | — |
| 1620 | 0 | — |
| 1621 | 0 | — |
| 1622 | 0 | — |
| 1623 | 0 | — |
| 1624 | 0 | — |
| 1625 | 0 | — |
| 1626 | 0 | — |
| 1627 | 0 | — |
| 1628 | 0 | — |
| 1629 | 0 | — |
| 1630 | 0 | — |
| 1631 | 0 | — |
| 1632 | 0 | — |
| 1633 | 0 | — |
| 1634 | 0 | — |
| 1635 | 0 | — |
| 1636 | 0 | — |
| 1637 | 0 | — |
| 1638 | 0 | — |
| 1639 | 0 | — |
| 1640 | 0 | — |
| 1641 | 0 | — |
| 1642 | 0 | — |
| 1643 | 0 | — |
| 1644 | 0 | — |
| 1645 | 0 | — |
| 1646 | 0 | — |
| 1647 | 0 | — |
| 1648 | 0 | — |
| 1649 | 0 | — |
| 1650 | 0 | — |
| 1651 | 0 | — |
| 1652 | 0 | — |
| 1653 | 0 | — |
| 1654 | 0 | — |
| 1655 | 0 | — |
| 1656 | 0 | — |
| 1657 | 0 | — |
| 1658 | 0 | — |
| 1659 | 0 | — |
| 1660 | 0 | — |
| 1661 | 0 | — |
| 1662 | 0 | — |
| 1663 | 0 | — |
| 1664 | 0 | — |
| 1665 | 0 | — |
| 1666 | 0 | — |
| 1667 | 0 | — |
| 1668 | 0 | — |
| 1669 | 0 | — |
| 1670 | 0 | — |
| 1671 | 0 | — |
| 1672 | 0 | — |
| 1673 | 0 | — |
| 1674 | 0 | — |
| 1675 | 0 | — |
| 1676 | 0 | — |
| 1677 | 0 | — |
| 1678 | 0 | — |
| 1679 | 0 | — |
| 1680 | 0 | — |
| 1681 | 0 | — |
| 1682 | 0 | — |
| 1683 | 0 | — |
| 1684 | 0 | — |
| 1685 | 0 | — |
| 1686 | 0 | — |
| 1687 | 0 | — |
| 1688 | 0 | — |
| 1689 | 0 | — |
| 1690 | 0 | — |
| 1691 | 0 | — |
| 1692 | 0 | — |
| 1693 | 0 | — |
| 1694 | 0 | — |
| 1695 | 0 | — |
| 1696 | 0 | — |
| 1697 | 0 | — |
| 1698 | 0 | — |
| 1699 | 0 | — |
| 1700 | 0 | — |
| 1701 | 0 | — |
| 1702 | 0 | — |
| 1703 | 0 | — |
| 1704 | 0 | — |
| 1705 | 0 | — |
| 1706 | 0 | — |
| 1707 | 0 | — |
| 1708 | 0 | — |
| 1709 | 0 | — |
| 1710 | 0 | — |
| 1711 | 0 | — |
| 1712 | 0 | — |
| 1713 | 0 | — |
| 1714 | 0 | — |
| 1715 | 0 | — |
| 1716 | 0 | — |
| 1717 | 0 | — |
| 1718 | 0 | — |
| 1719 | 0 | — |
| 1720 | 0 | — |
| 1721 | 0 | — |
| 1722 | 0 | — |
| 1723 | 0 | — |
| 1724 | 0 | — |
| 1725 | 0 | — |
| 1726 | 0 | — |
| 1727 | 0 | — |
| 1728 | 0 | — |
| 1729 | 0 | — |
| 1730 | 0 | — |
| 1731 | 0 | — |
| 1732 | 0 | — |
| 1733 | 0 | — |
| 1734 | 0 | — |
| 1735 | 0 | — |
| 1736 | 0 | — |
| 1737 | 0 | — |
| 1738 | 0 | — |
| 1739 | 0 | — |
| 1740 | 0 | — |
| 1741 | 0 | — |
| 1742 | 0 | — |
| 1743 | 0 | — |
| 1744 | 0 | — |
| 1745 | 0 | — |
| 1746 | 0 | — |
| 1747 | 0 | — |
| 1748 | 0 | — |
| 1749 | 0 | — |
| 1750 | 0 | — |
| 1751 | 0 | — |
| 1752 | 0 | — |
| 1753 | 0 | — |
| 1754 | 0 | — |
| 1755 | 0 | — |
| 1756 | 0 | — |
| 1757 | 0 | — |
| 1758 | 0 | — |
| 1759 | 0 | — |
| 1760 | 0 | — |
| 1761 | 0 | — |
| 1762 | 0 | — |
| 1763 | 0 | — |
| 1764 | 0 | — |
| 1765 | 0 | — |
| 1766 | 0 | — |
| 1767 | 0 | — |
| 1768 | 0 | — |
| 1769 | 0 | — |
| 1770 | 0 | — |
| 1771 | 0 | — |
| 1772 | 0 | — |
| 1773 | 0 | — |
| 1774 | 0 | — |
| 1775 | 0 | — |
| 1776 | 0 | — |
| 1777 | 0 | — |
| 1778 | 0 | — |
| 1779 | 0 | — |
| 1780 | 0 | — |
| 1781 | 0 | — |
| 1782 | 0 | — |
| 1783 | 0 | — |
| 1784 | 0 | — |
| 1785 | 0 | — |
| 1786 | 0 | — |
| 1787 | 0 | — |
| 1788 | 0 | — |
| 1789 | 0 | — |
| 1790 | 0 | — |
| 1791 | 0 | — |
| 1792 | 0 | — |
| 1793 | 0 | — |
| 1794 | 0 | — |
| 1795 | 0 | — |
| 1796 | 0 | — |
| 1797 | 0 | — |
| 1798 | 0 | — |
| 1799 | 0 | — |
| 1800 | 0 | — |
| 1801 | 0 | — |
| 1802 | 0 | — |
| 1803 | 0 | — |
| 1804 | 0 | — |
| 1805 | 0 | — |
| 1806 | 0 | — |
| 1807 | 0 | — |
| 1808 | 0 | — |
| 1809 | 0 | — |
| 1810 | 0 | — |
| 1811 | 0 | — |
| 1812 | 0 | — |
| 1813 | 0 | — |
| 1814 | 0 | — |
| 1815 | 0 | — |
| 1816 | 0 | — |
| 1817 | 0 | — |
| 1818 | 0 | — |
| 1819 | 0 | — |
| 1820 | 0 | — |
| 1821 | 0 | — |
| 1822 | 0 | — |
| 1823 | 0 | — |
| 1824 | 0 | — |
| 1825 | 0 | — |
| 1826 | 0 | — |
| 1827 | 0 | — |
| 1828 | 0 | — |
| 1829 | 0 | — |
| 1830 | 0 | — |
| 1831 | 0 | — |
| 1832 | 0 | — |
| 1833 | 0 | — |
| 1834 | 0 | — |
| 1835 | 0 | — |
| 1836 | 0 | — |
| 1837 | 0 | — |
| 1838 | 0 | — |
| 1839 | 0 | — |
| 1840 | 0 | — |
| 1841 | 0 | — |
| 1842 | 0 | — |
| 1843 | 0 | — |
| 1844 | 0 | — |
| 1845 | 0 | — |
| 1846 | 0 | — |
| 1847 | 0 | — |
| 1848 | 0 | — |
| 1849 | 0 | — |
| 1850 | 0 | — |
| 1851 | 0 | — |
| 1852 | 0 | — |
| 1853 | 0 | — |
| 1854 | 0 | — |
| 1855 | 0 | — |
| 1856 | 0 | — |
| 1857 | 0 | — |
| 1858 | 0 | — |
| 1859 | 0 | — |
| 1860 | 0 | — |
| 1861 | 0 | — |
| 1862 | 0 | — |
| 1863 | 0 | — |
| 1864 | 0 | — |
| 1865 | 0 | — |
| 1866 | 0 | — |
| 1867 | 0 | — |
| 1868 | 0 | — |
| 1869 | 0 | — |
| 1870 | 0 | — |
| 1871 | 0 | — |
| 1872 | 0 | — |
| 1873 | 0 | — |
| 1874 | 0 | — |
| 1875 | 0 | — |
| 1876 | 0 | — |
| 1877 | 0 | — |
| 1878 | 0 | — |
| 1879 | 0 | — |
| 1880 | 0 | — |
| 1881 | 0 | — |
| 1882 | 0 | — |
| 1883 | 0 | — |
| 1884 | 0 | — |
| 1885 | 0 | — |
| 1886 | 0 | — |
| 1887 | 0 | — |
| 1888 | 0 | — |
| 1889 | 0 | — |
| 1890 | 0 | — |
| 1891 | 0 | — |
| 1892 | 0 | — |
| 1893 | 0 | — |
| 1894 | 0 | — |
| 1895 | 0 | — |
| 1896 | 0 | — |
| 1897 | 0 | — |
| 1898 | 0 | — |
| 1899 | 0 | — |
| 1900 | 0 | — |
| 1901 | 0 | — |
| 1902 | 0 | — |
| 1903 | 0 | — |
| 1904 | 0 | — |
| 1905 | 0 | — |
| 1906 | 0 | — |
| 1907 | 0 | — |
| 1908 | 0 | — |
| 1909 | 0 | — |
| 1910 | 0 | — |
| 1911 | 0 | — |
| 1912 | 0 | — |
| 1913 | 0 | — |
| 1914 | 0 | — |
| 1915 | 0 | — |
| 1916 | 0 | — |
| 1917 | 0 | — |
| 1918 | 0 | — |
| 1919 | 0 | — |
| 1920 | 0 | — |
| 1921 | 0 | — |
| 1922 | 0 | — |
| 1923 | 1 | — |
| 1924 | 2 | +100.0% |
| 1925 | 3 | +50.0% |
| 1926 | 4 | +33.3% |
| 1927 | 5 | +25.0% |
| 1928 | 6 | +20.0% |
| 1929 | 7 | +16.7% |
| 1930 | 8 | +14.3% |
| 1931 | 9 | +12.5% |
| 1932 | 10 | +11.1% |
| 1933 | 11 | +10.0% |
| 1934 | 12 | +9.1% |
| 1935 | 13 | +8.3% |
| 1936 | 14 | +7.7% |
| 1937 | 15 | +7.1% |
| 1938 | 16 | +6.7% |
| 1939 | 17 | +6.2% |
| 1940 | 18 | +5.9% |
| 1941 | 19 | +5.6% |
| 1942 | 20 | +5.3% |
| 1943 | 21 | +5.0% |
| 1944 | 22 | +4.8% |
| 1945 | 23 | +4.5% |
| 1946 | 24 | +4.3% |
| 1947 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1948 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1949 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1950 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1951 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1952 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1953 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1954 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1955 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1956 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1957 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1958 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1959 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1960 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1961 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1962 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1963 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1964 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1965 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1966 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1967 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1968 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1969 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1970 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1971 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1972 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1973 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1974 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1975 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1976 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1977 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1978 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1979 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1980 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1981 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1982 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1983 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1984 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1985 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1986 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1987 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1988 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1989 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1990 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1991 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1992 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1993 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1994 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1995 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1996 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1997 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1998 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 1999 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2000 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2001 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2002 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2003 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2004 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2005 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2006 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2007 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2008 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2009 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2010 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2011 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2012 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2013 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2014 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2015 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2016 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2017 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2018 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2019 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2020 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2021 | 24 | +0.0% |
| 2022 | 24 | +0.0% |
Lebanon compared with similar countries
- Lebanon's 24 is below the median for lower middle income countries, which is 72.5, 33% of the median. (46 countries reporting)
- Lebanon's 24 is below the median for Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan, which is 38, 63% of the median. (21 countries reporting)
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1460s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 1470s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1480s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1490s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1500s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1510s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1520s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1530s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1540s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1550s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1560s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1570s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1580s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1590s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1600s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1610s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1620s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1630s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1640s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1650s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1660s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1670s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1680s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1690s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1700s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1710s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1720s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1730s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1740s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1750s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1760s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1770s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1780s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1790s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1800s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1810s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1820s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1830s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1840s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1850s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1860s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1870s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1880s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1890s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1900s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1910s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1920s | 2.8 | 0 | 7 | 10 |
| 1930s | 12.5 | 8 | 17 | 10 |
| 1940s | 21.9 | 18 | 24 | 10 |
| 1950s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 1960s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 1970s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 1980s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 1990s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 2000s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 2010s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 2020s | 24 | 24 | 24 | 3 |
Countries ranked near Lebanon
More reference data data for Lebanon
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Manure applied to Soils 0.0413 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Manure left on Pasture 0.1892 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - IPCC Agriculture 0.3495 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Crop Residues 0.0181 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Agricultural Soils 0.3495 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Manure applied to Soils 0.1386 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Manure Management 0.0543 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Manure left on Pasture 0.9479 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - IPCC Agriculture 1.65 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Crop Residues 0.0986 (2050)
Frequently asked questions
- What is years colonized in Lebanon?
- Years colonized in Lebanon was 24 in 2022, according to Our World in Data.
- What is the highest years colonized recorded in Lebanon?
- The highest recorded value was 24 in 1946.
- What is the lowest years colonized recorded in Lebanon?
- The lowest recorded value was 0 in 1462.
- How does Lebanon rank for years colonized?
- Lebanon ranks 122nd out of 159 countries with data for 2022.
- Is years colonized rising or falling in Lebanon?
- Over the last ten years it is unchanged. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Lebanon data come from?
- The figures come from Our World in Data, published as part of Years colonized. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 561 observations, free to reuse under CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data).