Years colonized in Libya
Libya: Years colonized was 38 in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Latest (2022)
38
Change on year
unchanged
World rank
116th
of 159 countries
All-time high
38
in 1952
All-time low
0
in 1462
Years of data
561
1462–2022
Years colonized in Libya, 1462–2022
Source: Our World in Data.
Analysis
Libya recorded 38 for years colonized in 2022. That is the highest value across all 561 years on record.
The figure is unchanged over ten years.
Over the whole period, years colonized in Libya peaked at 38 in 1952 and was at its lowest, 0, in 1462.
That places Libya 116th out of 159 countries with data for 2022, putting it in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Years colonized in Libya, year by year
| Year | Value | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1462 | 0 | — |
| 1463 | 0 | — |
| 1464 | 0 | — |
| 1465 | 0 | — |
| 1466 | 0 | — |
| 1467 | 0 | — |
| 1468 | 0 | — |
| 1469 | 0 | — |
| 1470 | 0 | — |
| 1471 | 0 | — |
| 1472 | 0 | — |
| 1473 | 0 | — |
| 1474 | 0 | — |
| 1475 | 0 | — |
| 1476 | 0 | — |
| 1477 | 0 | — |
| 1478 | 0 | — |
| 1479 | 0 | — |
| 1480 | 0 | — |
| 1481 | 0 | — |
| 1482 | 0 | — |
| 1483 | 0 | — |
| 1484 | 0 | — |
| 1485 | 0 | — |
| 1486 | 0 | — |
| 1487 | 0 | — |
| 1488 | 0 | — |
| 1489 | 0 | — |
| 1490 | 0 | — |
| 1491 | 0 | — |
| 1492 | 0 | — |
| 1493 | 0 | — |
| 1494 | 0 | — |
| 1495 | 0 | — |
| 1496 | 0 | — |
| 1497 | 0 | — |
| 1498 | 0 | — |
| 1499 | 0 | — |
| 1500 | 0 | — |
| 1501 | 0 | — |
| 1502 | 0 | — |
| 1503 | 0 | — |
| 1504 | 0 | — |
| 1505 | 0 | — |
| 1506 | 0 | — |
| 1507 | 0 | — |
| 1508 | 0 | — |
| 1509 | 0 | — |
| 1510 | 0 | — |
| 1511 | 0 | — |
| 1512 | 0 | — |
| 1513 | 0 | — |
| 1514 | 0 | — |
| 1515 | 0 | — |
| 1516 | 0 | — |
| 1517 | 0 | — |
| 1518 | 0 | — |
| 1519 | 0 | — |
| 1520 | 0 | — |
| 1521 | 0 | — |
| 1522 | 0 | — |
| 1523 | 0 | — |
| 1524 | 0 | — |
| 1525 | 0 | — |
| 1526 | 0 | — |
| 1527 | 0 | — |
| 1528 | 0 | — |
| 1529 | 0 | — |
| 1530 | 0 | — |
| 1531 | 0 | — |
| 1532 | 0 | — |
| 1533 | 0 | — |
| 1534 | 0 | — |
| 1535 | 0 | — |
| 1536 | 0 | — |
| 1537 | 0 | — |
| 1538 | 0 | — |
| 1539 | 0 | — |
| 1540 | 0 | — |
| 1541 | 0 | — |
| 1542 | 0 | — |
| 1543 | 0 | — |
| 1544 | 0 | — |
| 1545 | 0 | — |
| 1546 | 0 | — |
| 1547 | 0 | — |
| 1548 | 0 | — |
| 1549 | 0 | — |
| 1550 | 0 | — |
| 1551 | 0 | — |
| 1552 | 0 | — |
| 1553 | 0 | — |
| 1554 | 0 | — |
| 1555 | 0 | — |
| 1556 | 0 | — |
| 1557 | 0 | — |
| 1558 | 0 | — |
| 1559 | 0 | — |
| 1560 | 0 | — |
| 1561 | 0 | — |
| 1562 | 0 | — |
| 1563 | 0 | — |
| 1564 | 0 | — |
| 1565 | 0 | — |
| 1566 | 0 | — |
| 1567 | 0 | — |
| 1568 | 0 | — |
| 1569 | 0 | — |
| 1570 | 0 | — |
| 1571 | 0 | — |
| 1572 | 0 | — |
| 1573 | 0 | — |
| 1574 | 0 | — |
| 1575 | 0 | — |
| 1576 | 0 | — |
| 1577 | 0 | — |
| 1578 | 0 | — |
| 1579 | 0 | — |
| 1580 | 0 | — |
| 1581 | 0 | — |
| 1582 | 0 | — |
| 1583 | 0 | — |
| 1584 | 0 | — |
| 1585 | 0 | — |
| 1586 | 0 | — |
| 1587 | 0 | — |
| 1588 | 0 | — |
| 1589 | 0 | — |
| 1590 | 0 | — |
| 1591 | 0 | — |
| 1592 | 0 | — |
| 1593 | 0 | — |
| 1594 | 0 | — |
| 1595 | 0 | — |
| 1596 | 0 | — |
| 1597 | 0 | — |
| 1598 | 0 | — |
| 1599 | 0 | — |
| 1600 | 0 | — |
| 1601 | 0 | — |
| 1602 | 0 | — |
| 1603 | 0 | — |
| 1604 | 0 | — |
| 1605 | 0 | — |
| 1606 | 0 | — |
| 1607 | 0 | — |
| 1608 | 0 | — |
| 1609 | 0 | — |
| 1610 | 0 | — |
| 1611 | 0 | — |
| 1612 | 0 | — |
| 1613 | 0 | — |
| 1614 | 0 | — |
| 1615 | 0 | — |
| 1616 | 0 | — |
| 1617 | 0 | — |
| 1618 | 0 | — |
| 1619 | 0 | — |
| 1620 | 0 | — |
| 1621 | 0 | — |
| 1622 | 0 | — |
| 1623 | 0 | — |
| 1624 | 0 | — |
| 1625 | 0 | — |
| 1626 | 0 | — |
| 1627 | 0 | — |
| 1628 | 0 | — |
| 1629 | 0 | — |
| 1630 | 0 | — |
| 1631 | 0 | — |
| 1632 | 0 | — |
| 1633 | 0 | — |
| 1634 | 0 | — |
| 1635 | 0 | — |
| 1636 | 0 | — |
| 1637 | 0 | — |
| 1638 | 0 | — |
| 1639 | 0 | — |
| 1640 | 0 | — |
| 1641 | 0 | — |
| 1642 | 0 | — |
| 1643 | 0 | — |
| 1644 | 0 | — |
| 1645 | 0 | — |
| 1646 | 0 | — |
| 1647 | 0 | — |
| 1648 | 0 | — |
| 1649 | 0 | — |
| 1650 | 0 | — |
| 1651 | 0 | — |
| 1652 | 0 | — |
| 1653 | 0 | — |
| 1654 | 0 | — |
| 1655 | 0 | — |
| 1656 | 0 | — |
| 1657 | 0 | — |
| 1658 | 0 | — |
| 1659 | 0 | — |
| 1660 | 0 | — |
| 1661 | 0 | — |
| 1662 | 0 | — |
| 1663 | 0 | — |
| 1664 | 0 | — |
| 1665 | 0 | — |
| 1666 | 0 | — |
| 1667 | 0 | — |
| 1668 | 0 | — |
| 1669 | 0 | — |
| 1670 | 0 | — |
| 1671 | 0 | — |
| 1672 | 0 | — |
| 1673 | 0 | — |
| 1674 | 0 | — |
| 1675 | 0 | — |
| 1676 | 0 | — |
| 1677 | 0 | — |
| 1678 | 0 | — |
| 1679 | 0 | — |
| 1680 | 0 | — |
| 1681 | 0 | — |
| 1682 | 0 | — |
| 1683 | 0 | — |
| 1684 | 0 | — |
| 1685 | 0 | — |
| 1686 | 0 | — |
| 1687 | 0 | — |
| 1688 | 0 | — |
| 1689 | 0 | — |
| 1690 | 0 | — |
| 1691 | 0 | — |
| 1692 | 0 | — |
| 1693 | 0 | — |
| 1694 | 0 | — |
| 1695 | 0 | — |
| 1696 | 0 | — |
| 1697 | 0 | — |
| 1698 | 0 | — |
| 1699 | 0 | — |
| 1700 | 0 | — |
| 1701 | 0 | — |
| 1702 | 0 | — |
| 1703 | 0 | — |
| 1704 | 0 | — |
| 1705 | 0 | — |
| 1706 | 0 | — |
| 1707 | 0 | — |
| 1708 | 0 | — |
| 1709 | 0 | — |
| 1710 | 0 | — |
| 1711 | 0 | — |
| 1712 | 0 | — |
| 1713 | 0 | — |
| 1714 | 0 | — |
| 1715 | 0 | — |
| 1716 | 0 | — |
| 1717 | 0 | — |
| 1718 | 0 | — |
| 1719 | 0 | — |
| 1720 | 0 | — |
| 1721 | 0 | — |
| 1722 | 0 | — |
| 1723 | 0 | — |
| 1724 | 0 | — |
| 1725 | 0 | — |
| 1726 | 0 | — |
| 1727 | 0 | — |
| 1728 | 0 | — |
| 1729 | 0 | — |
| 1730 | 0 | — |
| 1731 | 0 | — |
| 1732 | 0 | — |
| 1733 | 0 | — |
| 1734 | 0 | — |
| 1735 | 0 | — |
| 1736 | 0 | — |
| 1737 | 0 | — |
| 1738 | 0 | — |
| 1739 | 0 | — |
| 1740 | 0 | — |
| 1741 | 0 | — |
| 1742 | 0 | — |
| 1743 | 0 | — |
| 1744 | 0 | — |
| 1745 | 0 | — |
| 1746 | 0 | — |
| 1747 | 0 | — |
| 1748 | 0 | — |
| 1749 | 0 | — |
| 1750 | 0 | — |
| 1751 | 0 | — |
| 1752 | 0 | — |
| 1753 | 0 | — |
| 1754 | 0 | — |
| 1755 | 0 | — |
| 1756 | 0 | — |
| 1757 | 0 | — |
| 1758 | 0 | — |
| 1759 | 0 | — |
| 1760 | 0 | — |
| 1761 | 0 | — |
| 1762 | 0 | — |
| 1763 | 0 | — |
| 1764 | 0 | — |
| 1765 | 0 | — |
| 1766 | 0 | — |
| 1767 | 0 | — |
| 1768 | 0 | — |
| 1769 | 0 | — |
| 1770 | 0 | — |
| 1771 | 0 | — |
| 1772 | 0 | — |
| 1773 | 0 | — |
| 1774 | 0 | — |
| 1775 | 0 | — |
| 1776 | 0 | — |
| 1777 | 0 | — |
| 1778 | 0 | — |
| 1779 | 0 | — |
| 1780 | 0 | — |
| 1781 | 0 | — |
| 1782 | 0 | — |
| 1783 | 0 | — |
| 1784 | 0 | — |
| 1785 | 0 | — |
| 1786 | 0 | — |
| 1787 | 0 | — |
| 1788 | 0 | — |
| 1789 | 0 | — |
| 1790 | 0 | — |
| 1791 | 0 | — |
| 1792 | 0 | — |
| 1793 | 0 | — |
| 1794 | 0 | — |
| 1795 | 0 | — |
| 1796 | 0 | — |
| 1797 | 0 | — |
| 1798 | 0 | — |
| 1799 | 0 | — |
| 1800 | 0 | — |
| 1801 | 0 | — |
| 1802 | 0 | — |
| 1803 | 0 | — |
| 1804 | 0 | — |
| 1805 | 0 | — |
| 1806 | 0 | — |
| 1807 | 0 | — |
| 1808 | 0 | — |
| 1809 | 0 | — |
| 1810 | 0 | — |
| 1811 | 0 | — |
| 1812 | 0 | — |
| 1813 | 0 | — |
| 1814 | 0 | — |
| 1815 | 0 | — |
| 1816 | 0 | — |
| 1817 | 0 | — |
| 1818 | 0 | — |
| 1819 | 0 | — |
| 1820 | 0 | — |
| 1821 | 0 | — |
| 1822 | 0 | — |
| 1823 | 0 | — |
| 1824 | 0 | — |
| 1825 | 0 | — |
| 1826 | 0 | — |
| 1827 | 0 | — |
| 1828 | 0 | — |
| 1829 | 0 | — |
| 1830 | 0 | — |
| 1831 | 0 | — |
| 1832 | 0 | — |
| 1833 | 0 | — |
| 1834 | 0 | — |
| 1835 | 0 | — |
| 1836 | 0 | — |
| 1837 | 0 | — |
| 1838 | 0 | — |
| 1839 | 0 | — |
| 1840 | 0 | — |
| 1841 | 0 | — |
| 1842 | 0 | — |
| 1843 | 0 | — |
| 1844 | 0 | — |
| 1845 | 0 | — |
| 1846 | 0 | — |
| 1847 | 0 | — |
| 1848 | 0 | — |
| 1849 | 0 | — |
| 1850 | 0 | — |
| 1851 | 0 | — |
| 1852 | 0 | — |
| 1853 | 0 | — |
| 1854 | 0 | — |
| 1855 | 0 | — |
| 1856 | 0 | — |
| 1857 | 0 | — |
| 1858 | 0 | — |
| 1859 | 0 | — |
| 1860 | 0 | — |
| 1861 | 0 | — |
| 1862 | 0 | — |
| 1863 | 0 | — |
| 1864 | 0 | — |
| 1865 | 0 | — |
| 1866 | 0 | — |
| 1867 | 0 | — |
| 1868 | 0 | — |
| 1869 | 0 | — |
| 1870 | 0 | — |
| 1871 | 0 | — |
| 1872 | 0 | — |
| 1873 | 0 | — |
| 1874 | 0 | — |
| 1875 | 0 | — |
| 1876 | 0 | — |
| 1877 | 0 | — |
| 1878 | 0 | — |
| 1879 | 0 | — |
| 1880 | 0 | — |
| 1881 | 0 | — |
| 1882 | 0 | — |
| 1883 | 0 | — |
| 1884 | 0 | — |
| 1885 | 0 | — |
| 1886 | 0 | — |
| 1887 | 0 | — |
| 1888 | 0 | — |
| 1889 | 0 | — |
| 1890 | 0 | — |
| 1891 | 0 | — |
| 1892 | 0 | — |
| 1893 | 0 | — |
| 1894 | 0 | — |
| 1895 | 0 | — |
| 1896 | 0 | — |
| 1897 | 0 | — |
| 1898 | 0 | — |
| 1899 | 0 | — |
| 1900 | 0 | — |
| 1901 | 0 | — |
| 1902 | 0 | — |
| 1903 | 0 | — |
| 1904 | 0 | — |
| 1905 | 0 | — |
| 1906 | 0 | — |
| 1907 | 0 | — |
| 1908 | 0 | — |
| 1909 | 0 | — |
| 1910 | 0 | — |
| 1911 | 0 | — |
| 1912 | 1 | — |
| 1913 | 2 | +100.0% |
| 1914 | 3 | +50.0% |
| 1915 | 4 | +33.3% |
| 1916 | 5 | +25.0% |
| 1917 | 6 | +20.0% |
| 1918 | 7 | +16.7% |
| 1919 | 8 | +14.3% |
| 1920 | 9 | +12.5% |
| 1921 | 10 | +11.1% |
| 1922 | 11 | +10.0% |
| 1923 | 12 | +9.1% |
| 1924 | 13 | +8.3% |
| 1925 | 14 | +7.7% |
| 1926 | 15 | +7.1% |
| 1927 | 16 | +6.7% |
| 1928 | 17 | +6.2% |
| 1929 | 18 | +5.9% |
| 1930 | 19 | +5.6% |
| 1931 | 20 | +5.3% |
| 1932 | 21 | +5.0% |
| 1933 | 22 | +4.8% |
| 1934 | 23 | +4.5% |
| 1935 | 24 | +4.3% |
| 1936 | 25 | +4.2% |
| 1937 | 26 | +4.0% |
| 1938 | 27 | +3.8% |
| 1939 | 28 | +3.7% |
| 1940 | 29 | +3.6% |
| 1941 | 30 | +3.4% |
| 1942 | 31 | +3.3% |
| 1943 | 31 | +0.0% |
| 1944 | 31 | +0.0% |
| 1945 | 31 | +0.0% |
| 1946 | 32 | +3.2% |
| 1947 | 33 | +3.1% |
| 1948 | 34 | +3.0% |
| 1949 | 35 | +2.9% |
| 1950 | 36 | +2.9% |
| 1951 | 37 | +2.8% |
| 1952 | 38 | +2.7% |
| 1953 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1954 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1955 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1956 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1957 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1958 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1959 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1960 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1961 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1962 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1963 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1964 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1965 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1966 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1967 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1968 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1969 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1970 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1971 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1972 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1973 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1974 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1975 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1976 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1977 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1978 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1979 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1980 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1981 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1982 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1983 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1984 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1985 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1986 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1987 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1988 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1989 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1990 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1991 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1992 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1993 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1994 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1995 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1996 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1997 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1998 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 1999 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2000 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2001 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2002 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2003 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2004 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2005 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2006 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2007 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2008 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2009 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2010 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2011 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2012 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2013 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2014 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2015 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2016 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2017 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2018 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2019 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2020 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2021 | 38 | +0.0% |
| 2022 | 38 | +0.0% |
Libya compared with similar countries
- Libya's 38 is below the median for upper middle income countries, which is 198, 19% of the median. (50 countries reporting)
- Libya's 38 is above the median for Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan, which is 38, 1.0× the median. (21 countries reporting)
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1460s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 1470s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1480s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1490s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1500s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1510s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1520s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1530s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1540s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1550s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1560s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1570s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1580s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1590s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1600s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1610s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1620s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1630s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1640s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1650s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1660s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1670s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1680s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1690s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1700s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1710s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1720s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1730s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1740s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1750s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1760s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1770s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1780s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1790s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1800s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1810s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1820s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1830s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1840s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1850s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1860s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1870s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1880s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1890s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1900s | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 1910s | 3.6 | 0 | 8 | 10 |
| 1920s | 13.5 | 9 | 18 | 10 |
| 1930s | 23.5 | 19 | 28 | 10 |
| 1940s | 31.7 | 29 | 35 | 10 |
| 1950s | 37.7 | 36 | 38 | 10 |
| 1960s | 38 | 38 | 38 | 10 |
| 1970s | 38 | 38 | 38 | 10 |
| 1980s | 38 | 38 | 38 | 10 |
| 1990s | 38 | 38 | 38 | 10 |
| 2000s | 38 | 38 | 38 | 10 |
| 2010s | 38 | 38 | 38 | 10 |
| 2020s | 38 | 38 | 38 | 3 |
Countries ranked near Libya
More reference data data for Libya
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Manure applied to Soils 0.0637 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Manure left on Pasture 1.56 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - IPCC Agriculture 2.03 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Crop Residues 0.021 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Indirect emissions (N2O) - Agricultural Soils 2.03 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Manure applied to Soils 0.2136 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Manure Management 0.0873 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Manure left on Pasture 5.82 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - IPCC Agriculture 7.82 (2050)
- Emission Totals - Emissions (N2O) - Crop Residues 0.1144 (2050)
Frequently asked questions
- What is years colonized in Libya?
- Years colonized in Libya was 38 in 2022, according to Our World in Data.
- What is the highest years colonized recorded in Libya?
- The highest recorded value was 38 in 1952.
- What is the lowest years colonized recorded in Libya?
- The lowest recorded value was 0 in 1462.
- How does Libya rank for years colonized?
- Libya ranks 116th out of 159 countries with data for 2022.
- Is years colonized rising or falling in Libya?
- Over the last ten years it is unchanged. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Libya data come from?
- The figures come from Our World in Data, published as part of Years colonized. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 561 observations, free to reuse under CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data).