Public sector wage premium, by education level: Secondary education (compared to formal wage employees) by country
Countries reporting
54
Highest
0.9527 compared to formal wage employees
Zambia
Lowest
-0.4608 compared to formal wage employees
Armenia, Republic of
Median
0.119 compared to formal wage employees
Years covered
22
2000–2021
Data points
657
What the numbers show
Public sector wage premium, by education level: Secondary education (compared to formal wage employees) is currently reported for 54 countries. The highest value is 0.9527 compared to formal wage employees in Zambia; the lowest is -0.4608 compared to formal wage employees in Armenia, Republic of.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.119 compared to formal wage employees, and the mean is 0.1214 compared to formal wage employees.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 2.
Over the past decade 26 countries rose and 28 fell. The largest increase was in Guatemala (up 891.7%), and the largest decrease in France (down 971.4%).
Public sector wage premium, by education level: Secondary education: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zambia | 0.9527 compared to formal wage employees | 2014 | up 126.4% | rising |
| 2 | Colombia | 0.5724 compared to formal wage employees | 2020 | up 27.1% | rising |
| 3 | Namibia | 0.4499 compared to formal wage employees | 2015 | up 9.3% | rising |
| 4 | Türkiye | 0.4445 compared to formal wage employees | 2010 | down 1.3% | rising |
| 5 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 0.4212 compared to formal wage employees | 2020 | up 12.1% | rising |
| 6 | Ecuador | 0.4103 compared to formal wage employees | 2017 | down 26.3% | rising |
| 7 | Luxembourg | 0.404 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 63.6% | rising |
| 8 | Costa Rica | 0.3538 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | up 12.8% | rising |
| 9 | El Salvador | 0.3426 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | down 6.2% | rising |
| 10 | Sri Lanka | 0.3043 compared to formal wage employees | 2015 | down 34.4% | falling |
| 11 | Pakistan | 0.2853 compared to formal wage employees | 2020 | down 42.2% | falling |
| 12 | Panama | 0.269 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | up 403.0% | volatile |
| 13 | Cyprus | 0.2628 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 12.0% | flat |
| 14 | Dominican Republic | 0.2533 compared to formal wage employees | 2019 | up 295.6% | volatile |
| 15 | Uruguay | 0.2415 compared to formal wage employees | 2017 | down 13.3% | rising |
| 16 | Spain | 0.2369 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 17 | Guatemala | 0.216 compared to formal wage employees | 2017 | up 891.7% | volatile |
| 18 | Honduras | 0.2128 compared to formal wage employees | 2019 | up 55.9% | falling |
| 19 | Ireland | 0.1599 compared to formal wage employees | 2017 | up 28.0% | volatile |
| 20 | Italy | 0.1586 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 22.8% | falling |
| 21 | Austria | 0.1585 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 63.5% | volatile |
| 22 | Australia | 0.1458 compared to formal wage employees | 2015 | up 575.4% | rising |
| 23 | Chile | 0.1455 compared to formal wage employees | 2015 | down 10.6% | falling |
| 24 | Mexico | 0.1453 compared to formal wage employees | 2019 | down 35.7% | rising |
| 25 | Greece | 0.1364 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 47.2% | falling |
| 26 | Switzerland | 0.1293 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 306.0% | volatile |
| 27 | Estonia | 0.1198 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 328.9% | volatile |
| 28 | Brazil | 0.1183 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | up 166.1% | volatile |
| 29 | Romania | 0.1007 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 28.3% | volatile |
| 30 | Bulgaria | 0.0957 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 177.2% | volatile |
| 31 | Croatia | 0.0809 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 62.1% | falling |
| 32 | Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of | 0.0758 compared to formal wage employees | 2016 | down 79.6% | volatile |
| 33 | Serbia, Republic of | 0.069 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 68.8% | falling |
| 34 | Poland | 0.0666 compared to formal wage employees | 2017 | down 67.0% | falling |
| 35 | Malta | 0.0661 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 227.8% | volatile |
| 36 | Czechia | 0.0494 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 30.9% | volatile |
| 37 | Finland | 0.0487 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 57.7% | falling |
| 38 | Slovak Republic | 0.0289 compared to formal wage employees | 2017 | up 27.6% | volatile |
| 39 | Iceland | 0.0198 compared to formal wage employees | 2013 | down 84.4% | volatile |
| 40 | Latvia | 0.0161 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 87.5% | volatile |
| 41 | Bolivia | -0.0229 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | up 77.3% | volatile |
| 42 | Argentina | -0.0273 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | down 198.9% | volatile |
| 43 | Belgium | -0.0366 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 13.3% | volatile |
| 44 | Peru | -0.0537 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | up 68.9% | volatile |
| 45 | Portugal | -0.0622 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 222.9% | volatile |
| 46 | United Kingdom | -0.0923 compared to formal wage employees | 2016 | down 420.1% | volatile |
| 47 | Lithuania | -0.1301 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | up 19.1% | volatile |
| 48 | Paraguay | -0.1358 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | down 392.7% | volatile |
| 49 | France | -0.1532 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 971.4% | volatile |
| 50 | Hungary | -0.1577 compared to formal wage employees | 2018 | down 201.1% | volatile |
| 51 | South Africa | -0.2251 compared to formal wage employees | 2019 | down 203.3% | volatile |
| 52 | Moldova, Republic of | -0.2644 compared to formal wage employees | 2012 | up 2.6% | falling |
| 53 | Russian Federation | -0.3894 compared to formal wage employees | 2016 | down 128.7% | volatile |
| 54 | Armenia, Republic of | -0.4608 compared to formal wage employees | 2021 | down 233.3% | volatile |