Initial household funding per tertiary student as a percentage of GDP per capita by country
Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions...
What the numbers show
Initial household funding per tertiary student as a percentage of GDP per capita is currently reported for 49 countries. The highest value is 152.0% in Malawi; the lowest is 0.3% in Romania.
The median across all reporting countries is 7.9%, and the mean is 19.6%.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 541.
Over the past decade 13 countries rose and 29 fell. The largest increase was in Azerbaijan (up 461.9%), and the largest decrease in Romania (down 90.8%).
Initial household funding per tertiary student as a percentage of GDP: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Malawi | 152.0% | 2007 | down 19.4% | falling |
| 2 | Tajikistan | 116.6% | 2009 | down 37.7% | falling |
| 3 | Nepal | 84.8% | 2015 | up 6.8% | rising |
| 4 | Benin | 73.7% | 2013 | up 14.6% | rising |
| 5 | Togo | 61.4% | 2015 | up 20.2% | flat |
| 6 | Burkina Faso | 46.2% | 2006 | down 16.4% | falling |
| 7 | El Salvador | 34.2% | 2018 | down 25.4% | falling |
| 8 | Cameroon | 31.3% | 2012 | down 7.7% | falling |
| 9 | Cote d'Ivoire | 28.6% | 2015 | down 45.1% | falling |
| 10 | Vietnam | 28.3% | 2013 | — | flat |
| 11 | Azerbaijan | 25.8% | 2018 | up 461.9% | volatile |
| 12 | Paraguay | 21.0% | 2010 | down 29.0% | falling |
| 13 | Peru | 16.8% | 2017 | down 35.8% | falling |
| 14 | Indonesia | 16.2% | 2015 | down 45.5% | falling |
| 15 | Serbia | 16.1% | 2018 | down 10.5% | falling |
| 16 | Bulgaria | 15.7% | 2017 | down 12.2% | falling |
| 17 | Morocco | 14.7% | 2010 | down 24.8% | falling |
| 18 | Guyana | 13.8% | 2012 | down 70.6% | volatile |
| 19 | Ukraine | 13.4% | 2017 | down 25.2% | volatile |
| 20 | Colombia | 12.9% | 2017 | down 54.4% | falling |
| 21 | Chile | 12.6% | 2017 | down 47.2% | falling |
| 22 | Honduras | 9.6% | 2018 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 23 | Mexico | 8.9% | 2017 | down 37.6% | falling |
| 24 | Australia | 8.3% | 2017 | up 30.9% | rising |
| 25 | Cyprus | 7.9% | 2017 | up 144.4% | volatile |
| 26 | Portugal | 7.9% | 2017 | up 18.0% | rising |
| 27 | Latvia | 7.6% | 2017 | down 11.0% | falling |
| 28 | Bahrain | 7.6% | 2017 | — | falling |
| 29 | Israel | 7.1% | 2017 | down 28.2% | falling |
| 30 | Spain | 6.4% | 2017 | up 151.7% | rising |
| 31 | Macao | 5.9% | 2018 | down 4.8% | rising |
| 32 | Kazakhstan | 5.7% | 2018 | down 22.6% | falling |
| 33 | Slovakia | 5.6% | 2016 | up 47.8% | falling |
| 34 | Canada | 4.9% | 2017 | down 28.6% | falling |
| 35 | Croatia | 3.8% | 2017 | down 57.1% | falling |
| 36 | United Kingdom | 3.1% | 2015 | down 23.7% | rising |
| 37 | Czechia | 3.1% | 2017 | up 33.7% | rising |
| 38 | Lithuania | 2.9% | 2017 | down 18.2% | falling |
| 39 | Belarus | 2.7% | 2017 | — | falling |
| 40 | Italy | 2.6% | 2017 | down 44.9% | falling |
| 41 | Estonia | 2.0% | 2011 | — | falling |
| 42 | Argentina | 1.9% | 2017 | up 8.0% | volatile |
| 43 | Mongolia | 1.8% | 2015 | — | volatile |
| 44 | Poland | 1.8% | 2017 | down 75.0% | volatile |
| 45 | Denmark | 1.7% | 2008 | up 57.9% | rising |
| 46 | Belgium | 1.0% | 2017 | — | falling |
| 47 | Ireland | 0.8% | 2016 | down 14.3% | falling |
| 48 | Malta | 0.8% | 2017 | — | volatile |
| 49 | Romania | 0.3% | 2011 | down 90.8% | volatile |
About this data
Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes). 'Initial funding' means that government transfers to households, such as scholarships and other financial aid for education, are subtracted from what is spent by households. Note that in some countries for some education levels, the value of this indicator may be 0, since on average households may be receiving as much, or more, in financial aid from the government than what they are spending on education. Calculation: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport), plus purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes), minus government education transfers to households (such as scholarships or other education-specific financial aid). When expressed as a share of GDP, this is then divided by the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Limitations: Indicators for household expenditure on education should be interpreted with caution since data comes from household surveys which may not all follow the same definitions and concepts. These types of surveys are also not carried out in all countries with regularity, and for some categories (such as pupils in pre-primary education), the sample sizes may be low. In some cases where data on government transfers to households (scholarships and other financial aid) was not available, they could not be subtracted from amounts paid by households. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/