Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of R&D — Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) by country
This table contains gross domestic R&D expenditures by sector of performance (business enterprise, government, higher education, private non-profit, and total intramural) and by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, experimental development, capital expenditure not elsewhere classified).
What the numbers show
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of R&D — Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is currently reported for 42 countries. The highest value is 204,376 US dollars, PPP converted in Japan; the lowest is 610.1 US dollars, PPP converted in Iceland.
The median across all reporting countries is 10,770 US dollars, PPP converted, and the mean is 47,344 US dollars, PPP converted.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 335.
Over the past decade 40 countries rose and 2 fell. The largest increase was in Türkiye (up 175.8%), and the largest decrease in Argentina (down 4.9%).
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Japan | 204,376 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 13.2% | rising |
| 2 | United States | 847,935 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 62.7% | rising |
| 2 | Germany | 160,177 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 26.1% | rising |
| 3 | France | 81,030 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 4 | United Kingdom | 102,458 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 100.4% | rising |
| 4 | Chinese Taipei | 65,085 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 88.4% | rising |
| 5 | Russian Federation | 47,954 US dollars, PPP converted | 2020 | up 18.4% | rising |
| 5 | Türkiye | 45,563 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 175.8% | volatile |
| 6 | Italy | 41,760 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 17.0% | rising |
| 6 | Netherlands | 27,915 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 31.3% | rising |
| 7 | Canada | 41,686 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 33.5% | rising |
| 7 | Poland | 24,416 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 155.0% | volatile |
| 8 | Spain | 32,358 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 42.4% | rising |
| 8 | Slovenia | 2,202 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 20.7% | rising |
| 9 | Israel | 30,586 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 126.3% | volatile |
| 10 | Australia | 26,905 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 1.6% | volatile |
| 10 | Croatia | 1,996 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 128.9% | rising |
| 11 | Belgium | 23,563 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 65.2% | volatile |
| 11 | Lithuania | 1,328 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 51.2% | volatile |
| 12 | Sweden | 23,001 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 34.5% | rising |
| 12 | Estonia | 1,030 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 34.0% | rising |
| 13 | Switzerland | 22,104 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 36.1% | rising |
| 13 | Latvia | 550.57 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 58.6% | rising |
| 14 | Austria | 18,446 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 23.5% | volatile |
| 15 | Singapore | 13,603 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 43.5% | rising |
| 16 | Denmark | 12,064 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 24.6% | rising |
| 17 | Czechia | 9,476 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 16.1% | rising |
| 18 | Finland | 9,304 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 1.8% | falling |
| 19 | Ireland | 9,257 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 125.0% | rising |
| 20 | Norway | 8,685 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 37.3% | rising |
| 21 | Mexico | 8,424 US dollars, PPP converted | 2017 | down 1.7% | rising |
| 22 | Portugal | 7,636 US dollars, PPP converted | 2024 | up 66.3% | volatile |
| 23 | Argentina | 6,914 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | down 4.9% | rising |
| 24 | Greece | 5,542 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 106.1% | rising |
| 25 | Hungary | 5,269 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 35.4% | rising |
| 26 | South Africa | 5,107 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 0.3% | rising |
| 27 | New Zealand | 3,937 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 84.5% | rising |
| 28 | Romania | 3,637 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 89.6% | rising |
| 29 | Chile | 2,189 US dollars, PPP converted | 2022 | up 34.0% | rising |
| 30 | Bulgaria | 1,529 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 62.4% | rising |
| 31 | Luxembourg | 860.1 US dollars, PPP converted | 2023 | up 5.0% | flat |
| 32 | Iceland | 610.1 US dollars, PPP converted | 2022 | up 48.4% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- China (People's Republic of) 859,300 US dollars, PPP converted
- Korea 141,654 US dollars, PPP converted
- Slovak Republic 2,167 US dollars, PPP converted
About this data
This table contains gross domestic R&D expenditures by sector of performance (business enterprise, government, higher education, private non-profit, and total intramural) and by type of R&D (basic research, applied research, experimental development, capital expenditure not elsewhere classified).