How many years of comparable data are there for Slovak Republic and Spain?

27 years are reported by both, from 1994 to 2023.

Where does this data come from?

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, published as R&D personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — R&D Personnel (total economy). Statizoid refreshes it automatically from the source and publishes the full history for both places.

Slovak Republic vs Spain: R&D personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — R&D

Slovak Republic

33,185 Persons

in 2023

Spain

431,848 Persons

in 2023

Slovak Republic rank

4th

Spain rank

4th

R&D personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — R&D over time

Slovak Republic
Spain

How they compare

Spain currently reports 431,848 Persons against 33,185 Persons in Slovak Republic, a difference of 398,663 Persons.

That makes Spain's figure about 13.0 times Slovak Republic's.

Across all 27 years both countries report, Spain has been ahead every year.

Slovak Republic ranks 4th and Spain ranks 4th of 9 groups.

Spain has averaged higher in every one of the 4 decades both report.

Head to head by decade

Decade	Slovak Republic	Spain	Difference	Ahead
1990s	24,031 Persons	153,735 Persons	129,704 Persons	Spain
2000s	22,672 Persons	288,249 Persons	265,578 Persons	Spain
2010s	27,788 Persons	350,452 Persons	322,664 Persons	Spain
2020s	31,278 Persons	407,114 Persons	375,835 Persons	Spain

Averages of every year both report within each decade.

Frequently asked questions

Which has higher r&d personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — r&d, Slovak Republic or Spain?: Spain, at 431,848 Persons against 33,185 Persons in Slovak Republic as of 2023.
What is the difference in r&d personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — r&d between Slovak Republic and Spain?: 398,663 Persons, with Spain ahead.
How many years of comparable data are there for Slovak Republic and Spain?: 27 years are reported by both, from 1994 to 2023.
How do Slovak Republic and Spain rank globally for r&d personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — r&d?: Slovak Republic ranks 4th and Spain ranks 4th of 9 groups.
Where does this data come from?: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, published as R&D personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — R&D Personnel (total economy). Statizoid refreshes it automatically from the source and publishes the full history for both places.

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Slovak Republic vs Spain: R&D personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — R&D. Statizoid, drawing on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 13 September 2026, from https://reference.statizoid.com/compare/r-and-d-personnel-by-sector-of-performance-and-formal-qualification-r-and-d-personnel/slovak-republic-2/spain/

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About this data

Indicator: R&D personnel by sector of performance and formal qualification — R&D Personnel (total economy)
Unit: Persons
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Licence: OECD Terms and Conditions (attribution required)
Coverage: 34 places, 789 data points, 1981–2024
Last refreshed: 21 August 2026

This table presents research and development (R&D) personnel statistics. Number of R&D personnel is provided in headcounts;D by sex, sector of employment (business enterprise, government, higher education, and private non-profit) and by formal qualification (university and other diplomas by ISCED classification).