{"entity":{"iso2":"PK","iso3":"PAK","name":"Pakistan","slug":"pakistan"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"scientific-publications-per-million","source":"National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators, via World Bank (2026); United Nations Population Division, national statistical offices, and Eurostat, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/scientific-publications-per-million","title":"Annual articles published in scientific and technical journals per million people","unit":"articles per million people"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":5.2535},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":5.62562},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":6.51484},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":6.57176},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":6.69264},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":7.74366},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":8.28182},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":8.72274},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":10.0193},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":13.3424},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":15.2919},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":17.8398},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":21.1998},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":24.3468},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":27.0061},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":28.9302},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":29.8497},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":32.5487},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":33.113},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":35.2948},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":40.9129},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":49.5555},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":52.5352},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":64.9657},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":71.9289},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":82.2759},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":85.9863},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":82.904}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":82.904,"max":85.9863,"mean":31.2591,"min":5.2535,"of":196,"rank":108,"trend":"volatile"}}