{"entity":{"iso2":"KZ","iso3":"KAZ","name":"Kazakhstan","slug":"kazakhstan"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"clientelism-index","source":"V-Dem (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/clientelism-index","title":"Clientelism Index","unit":null},"observations":[{"date":"1990-01-01","value":0.46},{"date":"1991-01-01","value":0.494},{"date":"1992-01-01","value":0.541},{"date":"1993-01-01","value":0.541},{"date":"1994-01-01","value":0.603},{"date":"1995-01-01","value":0.654},{"date":"1996-01-01","value":0.648},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":0.648},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":0.648},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":0.666},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":0.666},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.666},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.666},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.666},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.67},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.678},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":0.666},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":0.665},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":0.662},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":0.662},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":0.662},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":0.676},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":0.681},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.668},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":0.668},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.679},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":0.641},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.616},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":0.616},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.641},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":0.632},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.657},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":0.595},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":0.599},{"date":"2024-01-01","value":0.599},{"date":"2025-01-01","value":0.565}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2025-01-01","latest_value":0.565,"max":0.681,"mean":0.632361,"min":0.46,"of":176,"rank":73,"trend":"rising"}}